The Italian- Shukri Mabkhout
"The Italian" by Shukri Mabkhout is a poignant exploration of love, betrayal, and political upheaval in Tunisia. The story follows Abdel Nasser, a university professor whose life becomes intertwined with national turmoil and personal crises. As he delves into the mysteries of his past and navigates complex relationships, Nasser's journey is shadowed by impending political change, foreshadowing the revolutionary wave that will sweep through Tunisia. Through Nasser’s story, the novel captures the simmering tensions and transformative power of an era on the brink of rebellion.
Historical context
Shukri Mabkhout's novel, "The Italian," is set against the backdrop of Tunisia's political and social upheaval during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This period saw the decline of President Habib Bourguiba's rule and his 1987 overthrow by Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, who promised reforms but soon reverted to authoritarian practices. The era was marked by severe political repression, economic challenges, high unemployment, social unrest, and intense intellectual debates on identity and resistance. These historical events significantly shaped the narrative's setting and themes.
1. Bread riots (1983-1984)
The Bread Riots in Tunisia from December 1983 to January 1984 were sparked by the government's decision to increase the price of bread and other staple foods, following IMF pressure for austerity measures. This move led to widespread public outrage, as bread was a crucial part of the daily diet for many Tunisians, particularly the poor. Protests erupted across the country, with demonstrators clashing violently with security forces, resulting in dozens of deaths and hundreds of injuries. The government, facing intense pressure, eventually reinstated the subsidies on bread, highlighting the profound impact of economic policies on social stability. In Shukri Mabkhout's novel "The Italian," these events are intricately woven into the narrative, providing a vivid backdrop for the story. The protagonist, Abdel Nasser, known as "The Italian," experiences the unrest firsthand as a university student deeply involved in political activism. The riots and their brutal suppression by the government profoundly impact Abdel Nasser and his peers, including his love interest Zeina and his close friend Nabil. Their participation in the protests and the subsequent crackdown highlight their disillusionment with the regime and their yearning for social justice and political change. The riots serve as a catalyst for the characters' radicalization and shape their future paths, reflecting the broader societal turbulence of the era.
2. Coupe d'État (1987)
The 1987 Coup d'État in Tunisia marked a significant turning point when Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ousted the aging and increasingly incapacitated President Habib Bourguiba on November 7, 1987. Citing Bourguiba's senility and the need for political stability, Ben Ali promised reforms and democratization, initially generating cautious optimism among Tunisians. However, this optimism was short-lived as Ben Ali's regime quickly reverted to authoritarian practices, including political repression, censorship, and human rights abuses. In Shukri Mabkhout's novel "The Italian," this historical context is vividly portrayed through the experiences of the protagonist, Abdel Nasser, and his friends Nabil and Zeina. The coup and its aftermath shape their political beliefs and activism. Initially hopeful about the promised changes, they soon become disillusioned as the new regime's oppressive nature becomes evident. Their personal struggles and resistance against the backdrop of the coup highlight the broader societal disillusionment and the complex interplay of power and justice, central themes in the novel.
Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
President Habib Bourguiba
3. Student and Labor protests (late 1980s
-early 1990s)
Significant labor and student protests took place in Tunisia in the late 1980s and early 1990s, motivated by demands for political liberties as well as economic hardship and high unemployment rates. Particularly impacted by the economic crisis and the authoritarian policies of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's administration, which took office in 1987, were the nation's youth and working-class communities. While labor unions conducted strikes and rallies over wage freezes, unfavorable working conditions, and rising living costs, students organized demonstrations to demand better educational conditions and greater career prospects. The response from the government was frequently severe, including crackdowns, arrests, and the repression of opposition. These protests play a significant background role in Shukri Mabkhout's novel "The Italian," impacting the lives of the protagonists. The protagonist, a university student named Abdel Nasser, is heavily engaged in the political action of the day, which reflects the general unhappiness and opposition to the system. The book depicts how the political and personal conflicts of the characters are entwined with the larger social revolution, capturing the tension and hope of this era.
4. Crackdown on Ennhada Movement (late 1980s- early 1990s)
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Tunisian government, led by President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, launched a severe crackdown on the Islamist Ennahda Movement. The Ennahda Movement, which had gained significant support among Tunisians for its calls for political reform and social justice, was perceived as a major threat to the regime's authoritarian control. In response, the government implemented widespread measures to suppress the movement, including mass arrests, torture, trials, and imprisonment of its leaders and members. The regime also enacted strict censorship laws and surveillance to curb any Islamist activities and ideologies. This period of repression led to a climate of fear and stifled political dissent, as the government sought to eliminate any opposition to its rule.
​
In Shukri Mabkhout's novel "The Italian," the crackdown on the Ennahda Movement is depicted through the experiences of the protagonist, Abdel Nasser, and his circle of friends. Abdel Nasser, who is involved in the political activism of the time, witnesses firsthand the brutality of the government's actions against the Islamists. The novel portrays the impact of the crackdown on the broader society, highlighting the atmosphere of fear and the suppression of political freedoms. The characters' personal struggles and their fight for justice and freedom are deeply influenced by the government's repressive measures, reflecting the broader societal challenges during this turbulent period in Tunisian history.
Main characters
Each character in "The Italian" is intricately developed, offering a unique perspective on the struggles for justice, freedom, and identity in a repressive political landscape. Through the journeys of the protagonist Abdel Nasser, his love interest Zeina, his loyal friend Nabil, and other supporting characters, Mabkhout paints a vivid picture of the challenges and sacrifices inherent in the fight for social and political change.
1. Abdel Nasser (The Italian)​
The protagonist of "The Italian," a novel by Shukri Mabkhout, is Abdel Nasser, also known as "The Italian." He is a vibrant and intensely idealistic university student who was heavily involved in Tunisia's political instability in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Abdel Nasser's steadfast dedication to political activism and his passionate pursuit of social justice and transformation are what characterize him. He is a natural leader among his peers, leading the resistance movement against the authoritarian regime with his eloquence and capacity to uplift others. However, when the political conflict consumes more and more of Abdel Nasser's life, this fierce dedication also results in considerable personal costs. His involvement has a significant impact on his relationships, especially with Zeina, his love interest, underscoring the human sacrifices of his dedication. Abdel Nasser is a complicated and engrossing figure whose personal and political lives are intricately linked. His path mirrors the larger societal conflicts and the conflict between idealism and reality.
2. Zeina
A key character in Shukri Mabkhout's book "The Italian," Zeina is portrayed as a sharply brilliant, independent, and incredibly kind woman. She is a major character in Abdel Nasser's life, both politically and emotionally, and he is in love with her. Zeina is as passionate about political activism as Abdel Nasser is, and she is equally dedicated to Tunisia's reform and social justice movements. Her persona is one of tenacity and resolve, and she frequently acts as a stabilizing force for the more passionate and idealistic Abdel Nasser. Zeina is a powerful companion in their political undertakings due to her intellectual prowess and sharp mind, and she provides Abdel Nasser with emotional stability during the turbulent times of their activism with her constant support and understanding. Her participation in the resistance movement further emphasizes the vital role that women play in the fight for political change by highlighting the difficulties and personal sacrifices that they must make. Mabkhout gives Zeina a deep and meaningful character development as she delves into themes of love, loyalty, and the intricate relationship between political and personal responsibilities.
3. Nabil
Nabil is a prominent figure in Shukri Mabkhout's "The Italian," serving as a close friend and fellow political activist of Abdel Nasser. His devotion, consideration, and practical response to the problems they encounter define him. In contrast to Abdel Nasser, who is more idealistic and passionate, Nabil frequently acts as a voice of caution and reason, offering their group of activists the much-needed balance. Although he has an everlasting commitment to his friends and their cause, he addresses their political conflicts with a more calm and calculated attitude. Because of his pragmatism, Nabil is able to handle the intricacies and risks of their activism with more caution. He frequently weighs the prospective outcomes of their acts against their practical repercussions. Because of this, he acts as a balancing influence in the organization, keeping Abdel Nasser's more fervent goals in check. Mabkhout uses Nabil's persona to highlight the range of perspectives inside the resistance movement as well as the many ways people manage the hazards and demands of advocating for political change. Nabil's journey is representative of the larger story about resiliency, cunning, and how crucial it is to strike a balance between idealism and pragmatism in the fight for justice.
Themes
Through its complex characters and their intertwined personal and political struggles, "The Italian" delves into several profound themes that resonate with the broader human experience. These themes are intricately woven into the narrative, offering insights into the nature of resistance, identity, love, and the pursuit of social justice.
1. Political Activism and Resistance
Political activism and resistance serve as the central themes of "The Italian," portraying the passionate uprising against the repressive rule in Tunisia in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Abdel Nasser, the main character, is very involved in politics and embodies the era's youthful idealism and zeal for change. The novel illustrates the difficulties and perils of defying an authoritarian regime through his participation in student protests, covert meetings, and the larger resistance movement. The protagonists' activity stems from a strong sense of justice and a desire to change a corrupt and oppressive society. Their resistance affects their relationships, professions, and safety; it's not just a political stance. It's a deeply personal commitment. Mabkhout shows the bravery needed to oppose a deeply ingrained power structure by eloquently describing the sacrifices and moral quandaries activists must overcome. This topic emphasizes how the book explores the resiliency of the human spirit and the unwavering pursuit of equality and freedom in the face of overwhelming odds.
2. Identity and Self-Discovery
In "The Italian," the concepts of identification and self-discovery play a significant role in the individual journeys of the individuals amid the political and social turmoil of Tunisia. Abdel Nasser, the main character, travels through a deep process of self-discovery as he negotiates his cultural heritage, personal connections, and political convictions. His deep commitment to the resistance movement, his nuanced love for Zeina, and his relationships with his family and peers all influence who he is. Zeina also exemplifies the concept of identity by striking a balance between her personal aspirations and political involvement, emphasizing the challenge of preserving one's identity while dedicated to a greater good. The novel examines the conflict between national and personal identity, considering the ways in which historical developments and societal shifts have shaped both. Mabkhout explores the complex relationship between individual self-discovery and the larger cultural and historical backdrop of Tunisia via the experiences of the protagonists.
3. Love and Sacrifice
The themes of love and sacrifice are tightly linked throughout "The Italian," influencing both the emotional core of the story and the lives of the characters. One touching example is the bond between Zeina and Abdel Nasser, whose love demands much sacrifice in addition to being a source of strength. Their political activism puts their loyalty to one another to the test, as both characters regularly jeopardize their relationship in order to further their beliefs and the resistance cause. Since they frequently have to choose between their love and their commitment to the cause, this dynamic serves to highlight the personal cost of their fight for justice and freedom.Zeina's unwavering support and understanding provide emotional stability for Abdel Nasser, yet her own sacrifices and the emotional toll of their activism highlight the complexities of their bond. The novel portrays love as a powerful, yet sometimes conflicting force, driving characters to make difficult choices and endure significant hardships. Through these sacrifices, Mabkhout emphasizes the personal dimensions of political engagement, illustrating how deeply intertwined and often painful the relationship between love and activism can be.
4. Social Justice and Reform
In "The Italian," the main plot point and the characters' activities are motivated by the desire for social justice and transformation. The characters' fervent dedication to overthrowing Tunisia's dictatorial government and pursuing a more just and equal society is clearly portrayed in the book. Like his contemporaries, Abdel Nasser is driven by a strong desire to confront political persecution, economic inequality, and systematic injustices. Their advocacy stems from a dream of a transformed society that values equality, freedom, and human rights. The story explores the terrible realities they must deal with, such as personal sacrifices, government crackdowns, and the looming danger of violence and incarceration. By highlighting the moral and ethical dilemmas that arise in the pursuit of social change, Mabkhout demonstrates the bravery and tenacity needed to pursue justice in the face of impassible barriers. The book highlights the value of cooperation and group efforts in promoting change, but it also highlights the difficulties and often unpleasant outcomes of this kind of work. By doing this, it creates a striking image of the human spirit's unwavering pursuit of a brighter future.
Rating
"The Italian" by Shukri Mabkhout is a gripping and thought-provoking book that deftly combines political and personal storylines against the backdrop of Tunisia's turbulent past. Because of its deep content and intricate issues, the book is best suited for readers who 16 and above. Rich character development, a realistic depiction of historical events, and an examination of subjects like political action, identity, love, and sacrifice are among the novel's strong points. Readers are given a deeper understanding of the human side of societal change and political resistance through the complex plot and strong emotional resonance.One potential drawback is the pacing, which can be slow at times, particularly during detailed political discussions that might not engage all readers. Overall, "The Italian" is a powerful and engaging read that provides a nuanced look at the interplay between personal lives and broader societal issues.
